The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances, such as pathogens, toxins, or damaged cells. It is a complex and coordinated process involving various cells, tissues, and organs. This mind map aims to explore the various components and processes involved in the immune response. By visualizing these interconnected elements, we can gain a deeper understanding of how the immune system functions to maintain our health and well-being.
Edited at 2022-05-30 02:44:02Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. The main symptoms of COPD include difficulty breathing, cough, and sputum production. It is often caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke.
The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances, such as pathogens, toxins, or damaged cells. It is a complex and coordinated process involving various cells, tissues, and organs. This mind map aims to explore the various components and processes involved in the immune response. By visualizing these interconnected elements, we can gain a deeper understanding of how the immune system functions to maintain our health and well-being.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. The main symptoms of COPD include difficulty breathing, cough, and sputum production. It is often caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke.
The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances, such as pathogens, toxins, or damaged cells. It is a complex and coordinated process involving various cells, tissues, and organs. This mind map aims to explore the various components and processes involved in the immune response. By visualizing these interconnected elements, we can gain a deeper understanding of how the immune system functions to maintain our health and well-being.
Immune Response
This is protection from infectious pathogens
Two Mechanisms
a. Innate Immunity (natural)
present BEFORE infection, evolve to recognize microbes
b. Adaptive Immunity (acquired, specific)
Stimulated by microbes
Recognizes antigens
1. Innate Immunity Components
1. Epithelial barriers
2. Phagocytes (Macrophages, Neutrophils)
3. Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
4. Plasma proteins & Complement
2. Adaptive Immunity (Making antigen receptors on T & B lymphocytes by gene rearrangements)
2 Types
Humoral Immunity (B-lymphocytes)
Cell mediated Immunity (T-lymphocytes)
T Lymphocytes
in blood (60-70% lymph), lymph nodes, spleen
act on INTRAcellular antigens
Each T cells have specific Ag receptors "TCR"
Ag presented to them, bound to MHC molecules on "Ag presenting cell" APC
(2 types)
1. T-helper cells (CD4) (Master Regulators, release Cytokines)
Cytokines influence other immune cells
2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) (Killers, effector cells)
B Lymphocytes
Mature B cells in blood (10-20% lymphocytes), lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, GI
After stimulated by Ag, B cells develop plasma cells, secrete immunoglobulin
For EXTRcellular pathogens & toxins
Immunoglobulins
Made by B-cells, bind to & inactivate Ag
I(GAMED)
Macrophages
part of Mononuclear Phagocyte System
Jobs
1. Process microbes & present to T-cells (APC)
2. important Effector cells in CMI & HI response
Opsoninization, DTH
Natural Killer Cells (Part of innate)
(10-15% of peripheral Lymphocytes)
Larger than Mature Lymphocytes, have cytoplasmic granules
Granulocytes (in all types of inflammation)
Effectors in innate immune response
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Major Histocompatibility Molecules
Major action: bind peptide fragments (of foreign proteins), present to Ag-specific T cells
2 CLASSES
MHC I
on ALL nucleated cells & platelets
Bind + display proteins made in cell (Viral Ag)
CD8+ T-cells recognize peptides presented as MHC I molecules
MHC II
on Ag presenting cells (Macrophages, Dendritic cells & B-cells)
CD4+ helper cells only recognize these molecules if bound to MHC-II molecules
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Caused by retrovirus (HIV)
Profound Immunosuppression
Opportunistic infections
Secondary Neoplasms
Neurologic Manifestation
First recognized in USA (1981), homosexuals
- 1983, HIV isolated - 1985, ELISA test
Etiology
HIV - Lentivirus Family
Two forms - HIV 1 (US, Europe, Central Africa) - HIV 2 (West Africa, India)
HIV 1
M (Major) - several subtypes A to K (no I)
O (Outlier)
N (not M or O)
Ethiopia HIV-1 M clade C
Transmission
Sexual Contact (hetero & homo)
Blood/ products
Mother to Child - intrapartum (delivery, most common) - perinatally - breast milk
Pathogenesis (Major targets > Immune System, CNS)
HIV enters thru mucosal surfaces / blood
Affects - T cells - Dendritic cells & Macrophages
Immunosuppression affects CMI
From - CD4 (Loss & infection) - Impairment of surviving T helper cells
Also affects Macrophages & Dendritic cells
Infection in lymphoid tissues, where virus is latent
Mechanisms of T-Cell immunodeficiency
Viral replication brings lysis of CD4 cells - 100 billion new viral particles - 1-2 billion CD4 T-cells die/day
- Early, Immune system replaces dying cells - Late, can't keep up with loss
Also defect in QUALITY of T cells
in lymphoid tissue, CD4 T cells, Macrophages, Follicular dendritic cells
MAJOR sites of HIV infection & persistence
CNS, Macrophages & Microglia cells infected
Neuropathogenesis
Major target for HIV infection, NS
Monocytes bring infection to CNS >> infect Macrophages & Microglial cells
Neuron are spared (thank goodness lol)
Mechanisms
1. Indirectly, by viral products
2. Soluble HIV gp120
3. Soluble factors by infected microglia - IL-1, TNF, IL-6
Natural History of HIV infection
1. Acute retroviral Syndrome
High Viremia, widespread seeding of Lymphoid tissues
40-90% individuals develop this in 3-6 weeks after infection
Non-specific Symptoms (flue like symptoms) - Fever, Weight loss, Fatigue, Sore throat, rash
Diarrhea & Vomiting sometimes
2. Middle (Chronic) Syndrome (Clinical Latency)
Immunity intact, BUT HIV replicates in Lymphoid tissues (maybe several years)
Usually ASYMPTOMATIC, sometimes PDL (Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy)
3. Full blown AIDS (breakdown of host defense)
Clinical Disease
Fatigue, Weight Loss, Diarrhea
- Serious opportunistic Infections - Secondary Neoplasms
w/o treatment, AIDS in 7-10 years