Microbiology bacteria mind map

This is a mind map about bacteria. The main contents include: bacterial structure, bacterial morphology, and definition. Hope this mind map helps you!

Edited at 2024-03-03 01:10:13

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Microbiology bacteria mind map

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Isabelmia

bacteria

definition

Prokaryotes with short and slender cells, simple structure, and tough cell walls that mostly reproduce by binary fission and are highly watery.

bacterial morphology

basic form

spherical

Features: Diameter 0.2~2um

Fungi: Monococcus, diplococcus, Streptococcus IV, Sarcina, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

Rod-shaped

Difference in aspect ratio (usually written as width * length)

longobacterium

Brevibacterium

thallus edge

Flat truncated type, blunt round type, pointed type

Spiral

Features

When writing length*width, only the length within one radian is allowed.

type

Vibrio

The curvature of the cells is less than one week

spirillum

spirochetes

special form

Caulobacter

Star-shaped bacteria

square bacteria

filamentous bacteria

abnormal form

Features: Can return to normal form when environmental conditions return to normal

Causes

Unpleasant physical and chemical conditions hinder the normal development of cells

Incubation time is too long

cellular senescence

nutritional deficiencies

Excessive accumulation of metabolites

bacterial structure

basic structure

bacterial structure

cell wall

Features: The outermost layer of bacterial cells is 10~80nm thick and accounts for approximately 10~25% of the dry weight of the cell. Bacterial cell walls are more contractile than plant cells

Classification

Gram-positive bacteria (G)

Features: single layer, last 20~80nm

composition

peptidoglycan

Features: A type of polymer complex unique to prokaryotic microorganisms

structure

main chain

Can be broken down by lysozyme

Composition: N-acetamide muramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine are connected to each other through B(beta)-1,4 glycosidic bonds.

Peptide tail: can be decomposed by penicillin (but only useful for G, not G-, because G- has less cell wall peptidoglycan content)

Peptide bridge: can be broken down by cephalosporin

teichoic acid

Features: G unique ingredients

Structure: A polymer composed of ribitol or glycerol residues connected through phosphodiester bonds. If acidic substances

Function: Located in the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, it combines with the cell membrane and cell wall peptidoglycan to longitudinally strengthen the structural connection between the cell wall and the cell membrane, enhances the negative charge content on the cell membrane surface, and is conducive to the absorption of cations.

Gram-negative bacteria G-

structure

outer wall layer

Thickness: 8~10nm

composition

Phospholipids

outer membrane protein

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

G-unique ingredient, complex composition, differs due to different strains of bacteria

structure

O-specific side chain

core polysaccharide

Lipid A: bacterial endotoxin

inner wall layer

Thickness: about 1~3nm

Composition: 1-2 layers of peptidoglycan

Features: low degree of cross-linking, loose (there are no peptide bridges between some peptide tails, and the peptide tails are directly connected)

Gram stain of bacteria

principle

The cell wall peptidoglycan content and porosity of G and G- are different, which results in different decolorization effects and different staining effects during alcohol decolorization, thereby distinguishing G and G-

process

Crystal violet (primary dye) dyeing

Both G and G- turn purple

Add iodine solution (mordant) dropwise

Iodine solution will combine with crystal violet to form a complex agent that can make bacteria appear purple-black. This complex agent can combine with G to prevent it from being decolorized, and at the same time prevent G from being stained again during counterstaining.

Ethanol (decolorizing agent) decolorization

If the thickness of the G cell wall prevents the extravasation of the compound formed in the previous step, it will not be depigmented. If the G- cell wall is thin, it will be depigmented.

Safranin (counterstain) counterstain

G-is safranin red; G is purple which is the color of crystal violet combined with iodine solution.

Function

Maintain the normal shape of the bacteria, be tough, and resist mechanical damage

Barrier for the exchange and transport of substances inside and outside the cell (preventing the entry of macromolecular substances)

Cell growth and division, necessary for transport

Related to bacterial antigenicity, pathogenicity and sensitivity to antibiotics and phages

Prokaryotic microorganisms lacking cell walls

Formed in the laboratory or in the host

Wall-deficient mutation (genetic): L-type bacteria

G-, G cell wall deficient genetic strains

Form: highly polymorphous, varying in size

Stainability: uneven coloring, Gram staining results are similar to G-

Growth requirements

Sensitive to osmotic pressure, has high nutritional requirements and cannot grow on ordinary media.

Cultured on hypertonic serum medium, growth is slow and three types of colonies are formed

Manual wall removal

Basically eliminated: Protoplast G

G After treatment with lysozyme or penicillin, spherical cells without cell wall are formed.

Partially removed: spherical body G-

Formed by natural evolution: Mycoplasma

cell membrane, endomembrane system

Composition: 20~30% phospholipid, 60~70% protein

structure

phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic end: glycerol C3

Hydrophobic end: hopanes

protein molecule layer

Integrin: involved in transporting substances

Peripheral proteins: involved in enzymatic reactions

Function

selective transport of matter

energy conversion place

Receiving and transmitting chemical signals inside and outside the cell

Participate in the synthesis of cell wall materials (such as peptidoglycan, capsule, lipopolysaccharide <LPS>)

cytoplasm

Definition: A general term for all translucent, gelatinous, and granular substances coated by cell membranes except for the nuclear area, with a water content of approximately 70%.

Element

Enzymes and intermediate metabolites, nutrients and organic macromonomers, etc.

Particle inclusions

pellet storage

Carbon source/energy

Glycogen, fat granules, starch granules

Intracellular carbon storage form, energy

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, cyanobacteria, etc.

Poly beta hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)

Features: non-toxic, plastic, easily degradable

Medical plastics, biodegradable plastics, agricultural mulch films

Azotobacteria, Alcaligenes, Enterobacteriaceae, etc.

Sulfur particles

The storage form and energy source of sulfur accumulated in the cells of autotrophic sulfur bacteria

Purple sulfur bacteria, Thiobacterium thioides, Thiobacillus burnetii, etc.

Nitrogen source

Phycocyanin: cyanobacteria

Phycoalbumin: cyanobacteria

Phosphorus source

metachromatic granules

Polymetaphosphate, phosphorus\energy reserve form

Dye red-purple with methylene blue or toluidine blue (Bacillus diphtheria\Yersinia pestis)

Helicobacter forfiuensis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis

magnetic particles

Found in aquatic bacteria and magnetotactic bacteria

Shape: square, rectangular, spiny

Structure: Film-like structure of coated Fe₃O₄ crystal particles

Function: Diversion and migration along the geomagnetic field

Magnetotactic movement, swimming towards the slightly itchy environment of the mud and water interface that is most beneficial to cells

Ribosome

All cells (except mature red blood cells and plant sieve tube cells)

Proteins can be synthesized using mRNA, which is also composed of RNA (rRNA) and proteins.

Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments)

Thylakoid, carboxysome (a few bacteria)

Prokaryotic and plasmid

Pronucleus (pseudo-nucleus or nuclear region)

Feulgen staining shows purple areas of indefinite shape

No specific structures such as nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, and nucleoli

Circular and dsDNA are tightly wound, twisted and folded into spheres, rods and dumbbells (electron microscope). DNA is 0.25~3mm long.

Function: Load genetic information and determine the main shape

Plasmid

Plasmid: Covalent circular dsDNA that replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome

Molecular weight: 1——200×10⁶Da

Function: Contains a few or hundreds of genes

Controlling the expression of certain minor shapes in bacteria

Status: free, integrated

special structure

capsule (sugar)

Definition: A structure composed of a colorless, transparent and viscous substance outside the cell wall of certain bacteria

Composition: polysaccharide, polypeptide or protein (varies by bacteria)

Characteristics: Difficult to be stained, mostly observed by negative staining method

Function

Maintain moisture and prevent dehydration and dryness

Extracellular storage of nutrients

Protect bacteria from damage and enhance pathogenicity

Surface adhesion (caries, bacterial jelly group bacteria purification of sewage)

flagellum

Definition: Long, curved filamentous structures on the surface of certain bacteria

form

way of birth

Classification

single

bushy

Zhou Sheng

structure

matrix (located on the cell membrane)

Hook-shaped sheath: (outside the cell wall)

flagellar filament

Function: sports

Bacterial movement speed: 20~80um/s, up to 100um/s; (3000 times body length/min)

When the flagellum rotates counterclockwise, the bacterium moves forward in a straight line; on the contrary, it tumbles (short turning movement)

When flagellated bacteria move, the two movement states alternate.

Flagellated bacteria can only move with the help of flagella

pili

subtopic

sexual hair

spores