Smuggling advanced British machinery; sending economic spies to steal technology; and British skilled workers taking technology out of the country.

The United States, France, Belgium and Germany introduced Jenny spinning machines and opened mechanical spinning mills.

In 1787, the United States imported the first spinning machines from Britain. In 1790, American-made spinning machines began to operate. Slater Manufacturing, the father of American manufacturing.

In 1801, a sawmill and fuel plant in the United States began using steam engines.

In 1804, the American Oliver Evans successfully developed an American-style steam engine.

In France alone, the horsepower of steam engines increased nearly 10 times in the 30 years from 1840 to 1870.

The number of Prussian steam engines increased from 58 in 1826 to 984 in 1857, an increase of nearly 16 times.

In the United States, the westward movement requires matching transportation.

In 1869, the first transcontinental railroad connecting the east and west coasts opened.

In 1880, the United States had more than 90,000 kilometers of railroads. By the beginning of World War I, the total length of railways in the United States exceeded 200,000 kilometers, equivalent to 1/3 of the total length of railways in the world.

In the 1850s and 1860s, France and Germany also completed the construction of railway networks.

The internal combustion engine replaced the steam engine and ushered in the automobile age.

In 1883, German Wilhelm Daimler made a four-wheeled truck.

Benz of Germany, Butler of England, Bernard of Italy, Puchlov and Volopov of Russia also invented cars powered by internal combustion engines.

In the late 19th century, internal combustion engines were widely used as engines for agricultural machinery, and agricultural mechanization advanced rapidly. (The combine harvester invented by Americans)

In 1903, the Wright brothers of the United States built and flew the world's first powered airplane.

In 1803, American Robert Fulton invented the steamboat.

From 1861 to 1865, France's Peter Martin and Germany's Wilhelm Siemens invented the open-hearth steelmaking method.

In 1857, Bessemer, England, invented the acid converter steelmaking method.

In 1878, Thomas of England invented the alkaline converter steelmaking method.

Large-scale steelmaking

World steel production increased from an average annual output of 1.72 million tons from 1870 to 1879 to 65.03 million tons from 1910 to 1914, an increase of approximately 37 times in 40 years.

In 1882, Siemens of Germany invented the DC generator, and the electric motor came into being.

In 1882, Edison built the first thermal power plant in the United States, and electricity began to be widely used in industrial production and daily life.

In the second half of the 19th century, artificial dyes, rayon, plastics, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals and basic chemical raw materials were synthesized.

In 1792, Whitney invented the cotton gin, which mechanized the cotton seed removal process.

Between 1832 and 1834, Walter Hunter developed the world's earliest sewing machine. In 1845, the earliest sewing machine manufacturing factory was established and mass production began.

The United States also invented the shoemaking machine, which gradually mechanized the shoemaking industry.

In 1838, Morse invented the electromagnetic telegraph and invented the famous Morse code.

In 1875, Alexander Bell developed the magnet telephone.

In 1895, Italian Marconi invented the wireless telegraph device.

The management method invented by Taylor accurately calculated the labor time required for each process, with the purpose of maximizing workers' labor productivity.